Basic markdown script

Tasks:

Try to create the Markdown script for this html output (you are welcome to copy the r code).
This Markdown is still very confusing. Try to make this Markdown script clearer (example: Reproducible-Reporting-using-Markdown-R/RStudio_advancedMarkdown.html)
- hide code
- create a table of content that links to the sections
- delete the hashtags at the beginning of the output of the “Variable Types”, the “Simple Linear Regression” and the Reference section
- reduce histograms from “Visualize Data” section to 50% width and place them next to each other
- reduce simple linear regression plots to 70% width
- create a results table for the multiple regression including N, confidence interval and r-squared values

Setup

Load packages

list.of.packages <- c("patchwork", "ggpubr", "tidyverse", "data.table", "knitr", "markdown", "rmarkdown", "dplyr", "ggplot2", "moments", "car")

# install packages if new
new.packages <- list.of.packages[!(list.of.packages %in% installed.packages()[,"Package"])]
if(length(new.packages)) install.packages(new.packages)

# load packages
invisible(lapply(list.of.packages, library, character.only = TRUE))

Download OASIS dataset

We’ll be downloading the data from http://www.oasis-brains.org/pdf/oasis_longitudinal.csv

A full explanation of the data can be found in:

Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS): Longitudinal MRI Data in Nondemented and Demented Older Adults. Marcus, DS, Fotenos, AF, Csernansky, JG, Morris, JC, Buckner, RL, 2010. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2677-2684. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21407

df <- read.csv("http://www.oasis-brains.org/pdf/oasis_longitudinal.csv") 

# print out top 5 rows of the DataFrame
kable(head(df, n = 5L))

Subject.ID	MRI.ID	Group	Visit	MR.Delay	M.F	Hand	Age	EDUC	SES	MMSE	CDR	eTIV	nWBV	ASF
OAS2_0001	OAS2_0001_MR1	Nondemented	1	0	M	R	87	14	2	27	0.0	1987	0.696	0.883
OAS2_0001	OAS2_0001_MR2	Nondemented	2	457	M	R	88	14	2	30	0.0	2004	0.681	0.876
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR1	Demented	1	0	M	R	75	12	NA	23	0.5	1678	0.736	1.046
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR2	Demented	2	560	M	R	76	12	NA	28	0.5	1738	0.713	1.010
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR3	Demented	3	1895	M	R	80	12	NA	22	0.5	1698	0.701	1.034

Pre-processing the Data

Dementia status from CDR

We’re told in the associated paper (linked above) that the CDR values correspond to the following levels of severity:

0 = no dementia
0.5 = very mild AD
1 = mild AD
2 = moderate AD

So let’s derive this “Status” from the CDR values:

#create an ordered factor and map CDR values to status 
df <- df %>%
  #leave numeric version for later
  dplyr::mutate(CDR.num = CDR) %>%
  #Normally, mutate works iteratively within a command. However, I have experienced situations 
  #where the newly created variables could not be reused in the same mutate, so here is a second mutate function.
  dplyr::mutate(CDR = dplyr::case_when(CDR.num == 0 ~ 'no dementia',
                                       CDR.num == 0.5 ~ 'very mild AD',
                                       CDR.num == 1 ~ 'mild AD',
                                       CDR.num == 2 ~ 'moderate AD'), # if no cases match NA is returned
                CDR = forcats::fct_reorder(CDR, CDR.num))

Now we can look at this status, and how many records there are both overall, and at each of the visits (or time points).

# Let's look at how many records we have of each severity
kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(CDR) %>%
        dplyr::tally())

CDR	n
no dementia	206
very mild AD	123
mild AD	41
moderate AD	3

# How many of each status do we have at each visit?
kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Visit,CDR) %>%
        dplyr::tally())

Visit	CDR	n
1	no dementia	85
1	very mild AD	52
1	mild AD	13
2	no dementia	73
2	very mild AD	49
2	mild AD	19
2	moderate AD	3
3	no dementia	34
3	very mild AD	18
3	mild AD	6
4	no dementia	10
4	very mild AD	3
4	mild AD	2
5	no dementia	4
5	very mild AD	1
5	mild AD	1

Variable Types

str(df)

## 'data.frame':    373 obs. of  16 variables:
##  $ Subject.ID: Factor w/ 150 levels "OAS2_0001","OAS2_0002",..: 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 ...
##  $ MRI.ID    : Factor w/ 373 levels "OAS2_0001_MR1",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ Group     : Factor w/ 3 levels "Converted","Demented",..: 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 ...
##  $ Visit     : int  1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 ...
##  $ MR.Delay  : int  0 457 0 560 1895 0 538 0 1010 1603 ...
##  $ M.F       : Factor w/ 2 levels "F","M": 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 ...
##  $ Hand      : Factor w/ 1 level "R": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ Age       : int  87 88 75 76 80 88 90 80 83 85 ...
##  $ EDUC      : int  14 14 12 12 12 18 18 12 12 12 ...
##  $ SES       : int  2 2 NA NA NA 3 3 4 4 4 ...
##  $ MMSE      : int  27 30 23 28 22 28 27 28 29 30 ...
##  $ CDR       : Factor w/ 4 levels "no dementia",..: 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 ...
##  $ eTIV      : int  1987 2004 1678 1738 1698 1215 1200 1689 1701 1699 ...
##  $ nWBV      : num  0.696 0.681 0.736 0.713 0.701 0.71 0.718 0.712 0.711 0.705 ...
##  $ ASF       : num  0.883 0.876 1.046 1.01 1.034 ...
##  $ CDR.num   : num  0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 0 ...

Change variable names

df <- df %>%
  dplyr::rename(Sex = M.F,
                Education = EDUC)

Coerche types? Not always needed but good practice.

Change “Visit” from numeric values to ordered factor (1-5).

df <- df %>%
  dplyr::mutate(Visit = factor(Visit, 
                               levels=c(1,2,3,4,5),
                               ordered=TRUE))

Change “SES” from numeric values to ordered factor (1 = highest to 5 = lowest status).

df <- df %>%
  dplyr::mutate(SES = factor(SES, 
                             levels=c(1,2,3,4,5),
                             ordered=TRUE))

Visits & Baseline Data

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Visit) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Participant number per visit")

Participant number per visit
Visit	n
1	150
2	144
3	58
4	15
5	6

Filter for baseline data, and look at their dementia status on arrival

df_baseline <- df %>% 
  dplyr::filter(Visit == 1)

kable(df_baseline %>%
        dplyr::group_by(CDR) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "CDR status of participants in first visit")

CDR status of participants in first visit
CDR	n
no dementia	85
very mild AD	52
mild AD	13

Data Exploration

Summarise Data (Non-numerical Variables)

With the exception of CDR, as this has already been done above.

numeric.var <- df %>%
  dplyr::select(where(is.numeric), -CDR.num) %>% 
  names()

kable(head(df %>% 
             dplyr::select(-all_of(numeric.var))) %>% 
        data.frame(),
      caption = "Head of all non-numeric variables in the dataset.")

Head of all non-numeric variables in the dataset.
Subject.ID	MRI.ID	Group	Visit	Sex	Hand	SES	CDR	CDR.num
OAS2_0001	OAS2_0001_MR1	Nondemented	1	M	R	2	no dementia	0.0
OAS2_0001	OAS2_0001_MR2	Nondemented	2	M	R	2	no dementia	0.0
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR1	Demented	1	M	R	NA	very mild AD	0.5
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR2	Demented	2	M	R	NA	very mild AD	0.5
OAS2_0002	OAS2_0002_MR3	Demented	3	M	R	NA	very mild AD	0.5
OAS2_0004	OAS2_0004_MR1	Nondemented	1	F	R	3	no dementia	0.0

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Group) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Factor levels and frequency of variable 'Group'")

Factor levels and frequency of variable ‘Group’
Group	n
Converted	37
Demented	146
Nondemented	190

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Visit) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Factor levels and frequency of variable 'Visit'")

Factor levels and frequency of variable ‘Visit’
Visit	n
1	150
2	144
3	58
4	15
5	6

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Sex) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Factor levels and frequency of variable 'Sex'")

Factor levels and frequency of variable ‘Sex’
Sex	n
F	213
M	160

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Hand) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Factor levels and frequency of variable 'Hand'")

Factor levels and frequency of variable ‘Hand’
Hand	n
R	373

kable(df %>%
        dplyr::group_by(SES) %>%
        dplyr::tally(), 
      caption = "Factor levels and frequency of variable 'SES'")

Factor levels and frequency of variable ‘SES’
SES	n
1	88
2	103
3	82
4	74
5	7
NA	19

Summarise Data (Numerical Variables)

kable(df %>% 
        dplyr::select(all_of(numeric.var)) %>%
        summary() %>% 
        data.frame() %>%
        dplyr::select(-Var1) %>%
        dplyr::rename(Variable = Var2) %>%
        dplyr::mutate(Freq = gsub(" ", "", Freq, fixed = TRUE),
                      Freq = gsub("\'", "", Freq, fixed = TRUE)) %>%
        dplyr::filter(!is.na(Freq)) %>%
        tidyr::separate(Freq, c("V1", "V2"), sep= ":") %>%
        dplyr::group_by(Variable) %>%
        tidyr::spread(V1, V2),
      caption = "Summary of all numeric variables in the dataset")

Summary of all numeric variables in the dataset
Variable	1stQu.	3rdQu.	Max.	Mean	Median	Min.	NAs
MR.Delay	0.0	873.0	2639.0	595.1	552.0	0.0	NA
Age	71.00	82.00	98.00	77.01	77.00	60.00	NA
Education	12.0	16.0	23.0	14.6	15.0	6.0	NA
MMSE	27.00	30.00	30.00	27.34	29.00	4.00	2
eTIV	1357	1597	2004	1488	1470	1106	NA
nWBV	0.7000	0.7560	0.8370	0.7296	0.7290	0.6440	NA
ASF	1.099	1.293	1.587	1.195	1.194	0.876	NA

Visualize Data (numerical variables)

#distribution
distribution_plots <- function(variable) {
  df.plot <- df %>% 
    dplyr::filter(!is.na(.[[variable]])) 
  
  hist(df.plot[[variable]], 
       breaks = 50, 
       xlab = paste0(variable),
       main = paste0("Histogram of ", variable))
}

invisible(lapply(numeric.var, distribution_plots))

rm(distribution_plots)

numeric.var <- c("Age", "Education", "MMSE")
#distribution
distribution_plots <- function(variable) {
  df.plot <- df %>% 
    dplyr::filter(!is.na(.[[variable]])) 
  
  plot <- ggplot(data = df.plot, 
                 aes_(x = as.name(variable), fill = ~ CDR)) +
    geom_histogram()
  print(plot)
}

invisible(lapply(numeric.var, distribution_plots))

rm(numeric.var)
rm(distribution_plots)

Sample Analysis: Table 1

Create a typical table one. Show it in this Markdown and save it also as csv for integrating it, for example, into a manuscript.

# 1. Select variables for table
myVars <- names(df %>%
                  dplyr::select(-Subject.ID, -MRI.ID, -CDR.num))


# 2. Make a list of all categorical variables from the myVars list for this table
catVars <- df %>% 
  dplyr::select(all_of(myVars)) %>%
  dplyr::select_if(purrr::negate(is.numeric)) %>% 
  names()

# 3. Check visually for non-normally distributed numerical variables 
#hist() or histograms
nonnormaldist <- c("MR.Delay", "MMSE")

# 4. Create dataset for table 1
table1df <- df %>%
  dplyr::select(all_of(myVars))

# 5. Create table
tab1 <- tableone::CreateTableOne(data = table1df, 
                                 vars = myVars, 
                                 factorVars = catVars)

# 6. Modify list of table to get a data frame
tab2 <- print(tab1, 
              showAllLevels = TRUE, 
              printToggle = FALSE, 
              noSpaces = TRUE, 
              explain = FALSE, 
              test = TRUE, 
              contDigits = 1, 
              catDigits = 1, 
              missing = TRUE,
              nonnormal = nonnormaldist) %>%
  as.data.frame() %>% 
  data.table::setDT(., keep.rownames = TRUE)
#summary(tab1) #gives more information regarding missing values

# 7. Rename column and rownames (of rn) to create a nice table that can be used in a manuscript
tab3 <- tab2 %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    rn = ifelse(grepl("^X", rn), "", rn)) %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    rn = dplyr::recode(rn,
                       "Group" = "Group, N (%)",
                       "Visit" = "Number of participants per visit, N (%)",
                       "MR.Delay" = "Time delay for MR imaging, median [IQR]",
                       "Sex" = "Sex, N (%)",
                       "Hand" = "Handedness, N (%)",
                       "Age" = "Age (years), M (SD)",
                       "Education" = "Education (years), M (SD)",
                       "SES" = "Socioeconomic status, N (%)",
                       "MMSE" = "Mini mental state examination, median [IQR]",
                       "CDR" = "Clinical Dementia Rating, N (%)",
                       "eTIV" = "Estimated total intracranial volume (cm3), M (SD)",
                       "nWBV" = "Normalized whole-brain volume, M (SD)",
                       "ASF" = "Atlas scaling factor, M (SD)"),
    level = dplyr::recode(level,
                          "F" = "women",
                          "M" = "men",
                          "R" = "right")) %>%
  dplyr::rename("Characteristic" = "rn") 

# 8. Print table in markdown
kable(tab3)

Characteristic	level	Overall	Missing
n		373
Group, N (%)	Converted	37 (9.9)	0.0
	Demented	146 (39.1)
	Nondemented	190 (50.9)
Number of participants per visit, N (%)	1	150 (40.2)	0.0
	2	144 (38.6)
	3	58 (15.5)
	4	15 (4.0)
	5	6 (1.6)
Time delay for MR imaging, median [IQR]		552.0 [0.0, 873.0]	0.0
Sex, N (%)	women	213 (57.1)	0.0
	men	160 (42.9)
Handedness, N (%)	right	373 (100.0)	0.0
Age (years), M (SD)		77.0 (7.6)	0.0
Education (years), M (SD)		14.6 (2.9)	0.0
Socioeconomic status, N (%)	1	88 (24.9)	5.1
	2	103 (29.1)
	3	82 (23.2)
	4	74 (20.9)
	5	7 (2.0)
Mini mental state examination, median [IQR]		29.0 [27.0, 30.0]	0.5
Clinical Dementia Rating, N (%)	no dementia	206 (55.2)	0.0
	very mild AD	123 (33.0)
	mild AD	41 (11.0)
	moderate AD	3 (0.8)
Estimated total intracranial volume (cm3), M (SD)		1488.1 (176.1)	0.0
Normalized whole-brain volume, M (SD)		0.7 (0.0)	0.0
Atlas scaling factor, M (SD)		1.2 (0.1)	0.0

# 9. Save table for manuscript
write.csv(tab3, file = "Table_1.csv", row.names = FALSE) 

rm(tab1); rm(tab2); rm(tab3); rm(table1df); rm(catVars); rm(myVars); rm(nonnormaldist)

Data Analysis: MMSE Trajectories over Time

df %>% 
  dplyr::select(Subject.ID, MR.Delay, MMSE, CDR) %>%
  dplyr::filter(complete.cases(.)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = MR.Delay, y = MMSE, color = CDR, group = Subject.ID)) +
  geom_line()

Data Analysis: Regression Analysis

Simple Linear Regression

# To be able to create a multitude of plots with different y-axis values I created a function for the plots and used a loop (lapply) to create them. 
# We have to add numeric sex and CDR variables to get regression lines in ggplot
df <- df %>%
  dplyr::mutate(Sex.num = ifelse(Sex == "M", 1, 
                                 ifelse(Sex == "F", 2,
                                        NA)))

plotAgeAssociation <- function(xaxis) {
  # create complete cases dataset
  df.plot <- df %>%
    dplyr::select(MMSE, as.name(xaxis), CDR) %>%
    filter(complete.cases(.))
  
  print(ggplot(data=df.plot, aes_(x=as.name(xaxis), y=~MMSE)) + 
          geom_point(aes_(color=~CDR)) +
          geom_smooth(method = lm) +
          theme(legend.position = "bottom"))
  regr <- lm(as.formula(paste0("MMSE ~ ", xaxis)), 
             data = df.plot %>%
               # We recode CDR back as an unordered factor to have more interpretable results.
               dplyr::mutate(CDR = factor(CDR, ordered=FALSE)))
  result <- broom::tidy(regr, conf.int = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95)
  result$N <- regr$residuals %>% length()
  result$r.squared <- summary(regr)$r.squared
  result <- result %>%
    dplyr::mutate(across(where(is.numeric), round, 3))
  print(kable(result))
  
}

# run functions for education and MMSE on the y-axis
invisible(lapply(c("Age", "Sex.num", "Education", "CDR.num"), plotAgeAssociation))

## 
## 
## |term        | estimate| std.error| statistic| p.value| conf.low| conf.high|   N| r.squared|
## |:-----------|--------:|---------:|---------:|-------:|--------:|---------:|---:|---------:|
## |(Intercept) |   25.283|     1.934|    13.072|   0.000|   21.480|    29.086| 371|     0.003|
## |Age         |    0.027|     0.025|     1.070|   0.285|   -0.022|     0.076| 371|     0.003|

## 
## 
## |term        | estimate| std.error| statistic| p.value| conf.low| conf.high|   N| r.squared|
## |:-----------|--------:|---------:|---------:|-------:|--------:|---------:|---:|---------:|
## |(Intercept) |   25.398|     0.627|    40.500|   0.000|   24.165|    26.631| 371|     0.028|
## |Sex.num     |    1.239|     0.381|     3.251|   0.001|    0.490|     1.989| 371|     0.028|

## 
## 
## |term        | estimate| std.error| statistic| p.value| conf.low| conf.high|   N| r.squared|
## |:-----------|--------:|---------:|---------:|-------:|--------:|---------:|---:|---------:|
## |(Intercept) |   23.698|     0.973|    24.350|       0|   21.784|    25.611| 371|     0.038|
## |Education   |    0.249|     0.065|     3.817|       0|    0.121|     0.378| 371|     0.038|

## 
## 
## |term        | estimate| std.error| statistic| p.value| conf.low| conf.high|   N| r.squared|
## |:-----------|--------:|---------:|---------:|-------:|--------:|---------:|---:|---------:|
## |(Intercept) |   29.294|     0.176|   166.473|       0|   28.948|    29.640| 371|     0.471|
## |CDR.num     |   -6.799|     0.375|   -18.137|       0|   -7.536|    -6.062| 371|     0.471|

rm(plotAgeAssociation)

Then we can do the same again, but this time stratify by the dementia status (not including CDR this time):

plotAgeAssociation <- function(xaxis) {
  # create complete cases dataset
  df.plot <- df %>%
    dplyr::select(MMSE, as.name(xaxis), CDR) %>%
    dplyr::filter(complete.cases(.))
  
  print(ggplot(data=df.plot, aes_(x=as.name(xaxis), y=~MMSE, color=~CDR)) + 
          geom_point() +
          geom_smooth(method = lm, se = FALSE) +
          theme(legend.position = "bottom"))
}

# run functions for education and MMSE on the y-axis
invisible(lapply(c("Age", "Sex.num", "Education"), plotAgeAssociation))

rm(plotAgeAssociation)

Multiple Linear Regression

We create a regression model with MMSE as the outcome and age, sex, education and CDR as the independents. Use the no dementia group as reference group for CDR.

model <- lm(MMSE ~ Age + Sex + Education + relevel(factor(CDR, ordered=FALSE), ref = "no dementia"), 
            data = df_baseline)

Assumption check

kable(moments::skewness(model$residuals) %>%
        data.frame() %>%
        dplyr::rename("Skewness of residuals" = "."), 
      caption = "Skewness of model residuals")

Skewness of model residuals
Skewness of residuals
-0.6230355

kable(car::vif(model), 
      caption = "Variance-inflation factors to assess multicolinearity of model independents")

Variance-inflation factors to assess multicolinearity of model independents
	GVIF	Df	GVIF^(1/(2*Df))
Age	1.013001	1	1.006480
Sex	1.096688	1	1.047228
Education	1.109618	1	1.053384
relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = “no dementia”)	1.180960	2	1.042459

Plots to check other regression model assumptions

par(mfrow = c(2,2)) # Change the panel layout to 2 x 2
plot(model)

Result table

summary(model)

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = MMSE ~ Age + Sex + Education + relevel(factor(CDR, 
##     ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia"), data = df_baseline)
## 
## Residuals:
##     Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max 
## -8.8931 -0.6189  0.0035  0.9343  6.7251 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                                                                        Estimate
## (Intercept)                                                            29.73860
## Age                                                                    -0.01940
## SexM                                                                   -0.56430
## Education                                                               0.07345
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")very mild AD -2.96005
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")mild AD      -6.03833
##                                                                        Std. Error
## (Intercept)                                                               2.11330
## Age                                                                       0.02351
## SexM                                                                      0.37351
## Education                                                                 0.06457
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")very mild AD    0.41061
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")mild AD         0.64892
##                                                                        t value
## (Intercept)                                                             14.072
## Age                                                                     -0.825
## SexM                                                                    -1.511
## Education                                                                1.137
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")very mild AD  -7.209
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")mild AD       -9.305
##                                                                        Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept)                                                             < 2e-16
## Age                                                                       0.411
## SexM                                                                      0.133
## Education                                                                 0.257
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")very mild AD 2.93e-11
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")mild AD       < 2e-16
##                                                                           
## (Intercept)                                                            ***
## Age                                                                       
## SexM                                                                      
## Education                                                                 
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")very mild AD ***
## relevel(factor(CDR, ordered = FALSE), ref = "no dementia")mild AD      ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 2.151 on 144 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.4925, Adjusted R-squared:  0.4749 
## F-statistic: 27.95 on 5 and 144 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

References R session information

citation()

## 
## To cite R in publications use:
## 
##   R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical
##   computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
##   URL https://www.R-project.org/.
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
##     author = {{R Core Team}},
##     organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
##     address = {Vienna, Austria},
##     year = {2020},
##     url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
##   }
## 
## We have invested a lot of time and effort in creating R, please cite it
## when using it for data analysis. See also 'citation("pkgname")' for
## citing R packages.

sessionInfo()

## R version 3.6.3 (2020-02-29)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit)
## Running under: macOS Catalina 10.15.7
## 
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.6/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
## 
## locale:
## [1] de_DE.UTF-8/de_DE.UTF-8/de_DE.UTF-8/C/de_DE.UTF-8/de_DE.UTF-8
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
## 
## other attached packages:
##  [1] car_3.0-10        carData_3.0-4     moments_0.14      rmarkdown_2.6    
##  [5] markdown_1.1      knitr_1.30        data.table_1.13.6 forcats_0.5.1    
##  [9] stringr_1.4.0     dplyr_1.0.7       purrr_0.3.4       readr_1.4.0      
## [13] tidyr_1.1.3       tibble_3.1.2      tidyverse_1.3.1   ggpubr_0.4.0     
## [17] ggplot2_3.3.3     patchwork_1.1.1  
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] httr_1.4.2       jsonlite_1.7.2   splines_3.6.3    modelr_0.1.8    
##  [5] assertthat_0.2.1 highr_0.8        cellranger_1.1.0 yaml_2.2.1      
##  [9] pillar_1.6.1     backports_1.2.1  lattice_0.20-41  glue_1.4.2      
## [13] digest_0.6.27    ggsignif_0.6.0   rvest_1.0.0      colorspace_2.0-0
## [17] htmltools_0.5.1  Matrix_1.2-18    survey_4.0       pkgconfig_2.0.3 
## [21] labelled_2.7.0   broom_0.7.7      haven_2.3.1      scales_1.1.1    
## [25] openxlsx_4.2.3   rio_0.5.16       mgcv_1.8-31      generics_0.1.0  
## [29] farver_2.0.3     ellipsis_0.3.2   withr_2.4.0      cli_2.5.0       
## [33] survival_3.1-8   magrittr_2.0.1   crayon_1.4.1     readxl_1.3.1    
## [37] evaluate_0.14    fs_1.5.0         fansi_0.4.2      nlme_3.1-144    
## [41] class_7.3-15     rstatix_0.6.0    xml2_1.3.2       foreign_0.8-75  
## [45] tableone_0.12.0  tools_3.6.3      mitools_2.4      hms_1.0.0       
## [49] lifecycle_1.0.0  munsell_0.5.0    reprex_2.0.0     zip_2.1.1       
## [53] e1071_1.7-4      compiler_3.6.3   rlang_0.4.10     grid_3.6.3      
## [57] rstudioapi_0.13  labeling_0.4.2   gtable_0.3.0     abind_1.4-5     
## [61] DBI_1.1.1        curl_4.3         R6_2.5.0         zoo_1.8-8       
## [65] lubridate_1.7.10 utf8_1.1.4       stringi_1.5.3    Rcpp_1.0.6      
## [69] vctrs_0.3.8      dbplyr_2.1.1     tidyselect_1.1.0 xfun_0.20

lapply(list.of.packages, citation)

## [[1]]
## 
## To cite package 'patchwork' in publications use:
## 
##   Thomas Lin Pedersen (2020). patchwork: The Composer of Plots. R
##   package version 1.1.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=patchwork
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {patchwork: The Composer of Plots},
##     author = {Thomas Lin Pedersen},
##     year = {2020},
##     note = {R package version 1.1.1},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=patchwork},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[2]]
## 
## To cite package 'ggpubr' in publications use:
## 
##   Alboukadel Kassambara (2020). ggpubr: 'ggplot2' Based Publication
##   Ready Plots. R package version 0.4.0.
##   https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {ggpubr: 'ggplot2' Based Publication Ready Plots},
##     author = {Alboukadel Kassambara},
##     year = {2020},
##     note = {R package version 0.4.0},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggpubr},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[3]]
## 
##   Wickham et al., (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open
##   Source Software, 4(43), 1686, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Article{,
##     title = {Welcome to the {tidyverse}},
##     author = {Hadley Wickham and Mara Averick and Jennifer Bryan and Winston Chang and Lucy D'Agostino McGowan and Romain François and Garrett Grolemund and Alex Hayes and Lionel Henry and Jim Hester and Max Kuhn and Thomas Lin Pedersen and Evan Miller and Stephan Milton Bache and Kirill Müller and Jeroen Ooms and David Robinson and Dana Paige Seidel and Vitalie Spinu and Kohske Takahashi and Davis Vaughan and Claus Wilke and Kara Woo and Hiroaki Yutani},
##     year = {2019},
##     journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
##     volume = {4},
##     number = {43},
##     pages = {1686},
##     doi = {10.21105/joss.01686},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[4]]
## 
## To cite package 'data.table' in publications use:
## 
##   Matt Dowle and Arun Srinivasan (2020). data.table: Extension of
##   `data.frame`. R package version 1.13.6.
##   https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=data.table
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {data.table: Extension of `data.frame`},
##     author = {Matt Dowle and Arun Srinivasan},
##     year = {2020},
##     note = {R package version 1.13.6},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=data.table},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[5]]
## 
## To cite the 'knitr' package in publications use:
## 
##   Yihui Xie (2020). knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report
##   Generation in R. R package version 1.30.
## 
##   Yihui Xie (2015) Dynamic Documents with R and knitr. 2nd edition.
##   Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1498716963
## 
##   Yihui Xie (2014) knitr: A Comprehensive Tool for Reproducible
##   Research in R. In Victoria Stodden, Friedrich Leisch and Roger D.
##   Peng, editors, Implementing Reproducible Computational Research.
##   Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1466561595
## 
## To see these entries in BibTeX format, use 'print(<citation>,
## bibtex=TRUE)', 'toBibtex(.)', or set
## 'options(citation.bibtex.max=999)'.
## 
## 
## [[6]]
## 
## To cite package 'markdown' in publications use:
## 
##   JJ Allaire, Jeffrey Horner, Yihui Xie, Vicent Marti and Natacha Porte
##   (2019). markdown: Render Markdown with the C Library 'Sundown'. R
##   package version 1.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=markdown
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {markdown: Render Markdown with the C Library 'Sundown'},
##     author = {JJ Allaire and Jeffrey Horner and Yihui Xie and Vicent Marti and Natacha Porte},
##     year = {2019},
##     note = {R package version 1.1},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=markdown},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[7]]
## 
## To cite the 'rmarkdown' package in publications, please use:
## 
##   JJ Allaire and Yihui Xie and Jonathan McPherson and Javier Luraschi
##   and Kevin Ushey and Aron Atkins and Hadley Wickham and Joe Cheng and
##   Winston Chang and Richard Iannone (2020). rmarkdown: Dynamic
##   Documents for R. R package version 2.6. URL
##   https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com.
## 
##   Yihui Xie and J.J. Allaire and Garrett Grolemund (2018). R Markdown:
##   The Definitive Guide. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 9781138359338. URL
##   https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown.
## 
##   Yihui Xie and Christophe Dervieux and Emily Riederer (2020). R
##   Markdown Cookbook. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 9780367563837. URL
##   https://bookdown.org/yihui/rmarkdown-cookbook.
## 
## To see these entries in BibTeX format, use 'print(<citation>,
## bibtex=TRUE)', 'toBibtex(.)', or set
## 'options(citation.bibtex.max=999)'.
## 
## 
## [[8]]
## 
## To cite package 'dplyr' in publications use:
## 
##   Hadley Wickham, Romain François, Lionel Henry and Kirill Müller
##   (2021). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version
##   1.0.7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation},
##     author = {Hadley Wickham and Romain François and Lionel Henry and Kirill Müller},
##     year = {2021},
##     note = {R package version 1.0.7},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[9]]
## 
## To cite ggplot2 in publications, please use:
## 
##   H. Wickham. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis.
##   Springer-Verlag New York, 2016.
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Book{,
##     author = {Hadley Wickham},
##     title = {ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis},
##     publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York},
##     year = {2016},
##     isbn = {978-3-319-24277-4},
##     url = {https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org},
##   }
## 
## 
## [[10]]
## 
## To cite package 'moments' in publications use:
## 
##   Lukasz Komsta and Frederick Novomestky (2015). moments: Moments,
##   cumulants, skewness, kurtosis and related tests. R package version
##   0.14. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=moments
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Manual{,
##     title = {moments: Moments, cumulants, skewness, kurtosis and related tests},
##     author = {Lukasz Komsta and Frederick Novomestky},
##     year = {2015},
##     note = {R package version 0.14},
##     url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=moments},
##   }
## 
## ATTENTION: This citation information has been auto-generated from the
## package DESCRIPTION file and may need manual editing, see
## 'help("citation")'.
## 
## 
## [[11]]
## 
## To cite the car package in publications use:
## 
##   John Fox and Sanford Weisberg (2019). An {R} Companion to Applied
##   Regression, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. URL:
##   https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/
## 
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
## 
##   @Book{,
##     title = {An {R} Companion to Applied Regression},
##     edition = {Third},
##     author = {John Fox and Sanford Weisberg},
##     year = {2019},
##     publisher = {Sage},
##     address = {Thousand Oaks {CA}},
##     url = {https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/},
##   }

#RStudio.Version()[-2] #both functions are not working in 
#rstudioapi::versionInfo()[-2] 
## both functions for the R Studio version are not working in R markdown. Run this code in the console and enter information manually.

To cite RStudio in publications use: RStudio Team (2019). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA URL http://www.rstudio.com/.version Version: 1.2.5033 Release name: “Orange Blossom”

Reproducible Reporting using Markdown - R/RStudio

Meta Miriam Bönniger

15 Juli, 2021